Libya’s National Museum has launched a new initiative to commemorate one of the most significant moments in the country’s maritime history, dedicating a special space to the story of the capture of the American frigate USS Philadelphia on October 31, 1803 — a step that reflects the institution’s commitment to preserving national memory and introducing younger generations to its defining chapters.
The story of Philadelphia traces back to the naval conflict between the State of Tripoli and the United States, after the latter refused to continue paying the annual tribute that ensured the safe passage of its ships through the Mediterranean. This prompted Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli, the ruler of Tripoli at the time, to declare war. In response, the U.S. fleet under Admiral Richard Dale dispatched the 44‑gun frigate to pressure Tripoli.
In a decisive move, Libyan sailors led by Captain Zarruq executed a strategic plan to lure the American vessel into shallow, rocky waters near the coast, causing it to run aground and lose all maneuverability. Libyan forces succeeded in capturing 307 American sailors, placing the officers under house arrest at the U.S. consulate, while the remaining crew were assigned to hard labor until the end of the war.
The United States attempted to recover the ship through a daring operation led by Lieutenant Stephen Decatur in February 1804 aboard the USS Intrepid. Although the American force managed to set Philadelphia ablaze, the mission failed to destroy it completely. Five American sailors were killed during the operation and were buried in the Shatt al‑Hanshir cemetery east of Tripoli.
The conflict eventually concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Tripoli on June 10, 1805, which stipulated the withdrawal of U.S. forces and the exchange of prisoners, in addition to the United States resuming its annual tribute payments for the protection of its ships — a practice that continued until 1812.
Today, the frigate’s mast remains on display at the Red Castle in Tripoli, standing as a testament to that naval confrontation, which left its mark on both Libyan and American memory and was even referenced in the U.S. Marine Corps hymn.
This enduring episode embodies the courage of Libyan sailors and highlights a maritime history rich with heroic moments that continue to shape national consciousness. The museum’s dedicated exhibit revives this historic chapter, underscoring Libya’s long‑standing defense of its sovereignty and dignity, while serving as an educational and cultural platform that connects past and present and offers living lessons on safeguarding independence and national identity.